@menu
* Functions and Variables for diag::
@end menu

@node Functions and Variables for diag,  , diag, diag
@section Functions and Variables for diag


@deffn {Function} diag (@var{lm})
Constructs a matrix that is the block sum of the elements of
@var{lm}. The elements of @var{lm} are assumed to be matrices; if an
element is scalar, it treated as a 1 by 1 matrix.

The resulting matrix will be square if each of the elements of
@var{lm} is square.

Example:
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$

(%i2) a1:matrix([1,2,3],[0,4,5],[0,0,6])$

(%i3) a2:matrix([1,1],[1,0])$

(%i4) diag([a1,x,a2]);
                   [ 1  2  3  0  0  0 ]
                   [                  ]
                   [ 0  4  5  0  0  0 ]
                   [                  ]
                   [ 0  0  6  0  0  0 ]
(%o4)              [                  ]
                   [ 0  0  0  x  0  0 ]
                   [                  ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  1  1 ]
                   [                  ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  1  0 ]
(%i5) diag ([matrix([1,2]), 3]);
                        [ 1  2  0 ]
(%o5)                   [         ]
                        [ 0  0  3 ]
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}.

@opencatbox
@category{Matrices} @category{Share packages} @category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


@deffn {Function} JF (@var{lambda},@var{n})
Returns the Jordan cell of order @var{n} with eigenvalue @var{lambda}.

Example:
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$

(%i2) JF(2,5);
                    [ 2  1  0  0  0 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  2  1  0  0 ]
                    [               ]
(%o2)               [ 0  0  2  1  0 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  0  0  2  1 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  0  0  0  2 ]
(%i3) JF(3,2);
                         [ 3  1 ]
(%o3)                    [      ]
                         [ 0  3 ]
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


@deffn {Function} jordan (@var{mat})
Returns the Jordan form of matrix @var{mat}, encoded as a list in a
particular format. To get the corresponding matrix, call the function
@code{dispJordan} using the output of @code{jordan} as the argument.

The elements of the returned list are themselves lists. The first
element of each is an eigenvalue of @var{mat}. The remaining elements
are positive integers which are the lengths of the Jordan blocks for
this eigenvalue. These integers are listed in decreasing
order. Eigenvalues are not repeated.

The functions @code{dispJordan}, @code{minimalPoly} and
@code{ModeMatrix} expect the output of a call to @code{jordan} as an
argument. If you construct this argument by hand, rather than by
calling @code{jordan}, you must ensure that each eigenvalue only
appears once and that the block sizes are listed in decreasing order,
otherwise the functions might give incorrect answers.

Example:
@c ===beg===
@c load("diag")$
@c A: matrix([2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],
@c                 [1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0],
@c                 [-4,1,2,0,0,0,0,0],
@c                 [2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0],
@c                 [-7,2,0,0,2,0,0,0],
@c                 [9,0,-2,0,1,2,0,0],
@c                 [-34,7,1,-2,-1,1,2,0],
@c                 [145,-17,-16,3,9,-2,0,3])$
@c jordan (A);
@c dispJordan (%);
@c ===end===
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$
@group
(%i2) A: matrix([2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],
                [1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0],
                [-4,1,2,0,0,0,0,0],
                [2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0],
                [-7,2,0,0,2,0,0,0],
                [9,0,-2,0,1,2,0,0],
                [-34,7,1,-2,-1,1,2,0],
                [145,-17,-16,3,9,-2,0,3])$
@end group
@group
(%i3) jordan (A);
(%o3)                [[2, 3, 3, 1], [3, 1]]
@end group
(%i4) dispJordan (%);
                   [ 2  1  0  0  0  0  0  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  2  1  0  0  0  0  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  2  0  0  0  0  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  0  2  1  0  0  0 ]
(%o4)              [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  2  1  0  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  0  2  0  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  2  0 ]
                   [                        ]
                   [ 0  0  0  0  0  0  0  3 ]
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}. See also @code{dispJordan} and @code{minimalPoly}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


@deffn {Function} dispJordan (@var{l})
Returns a matrix in Jordan canonical form (JCF) corresponding to the
list of eigenvalues and multiplicities given by @var{l}. This list
should be in the format given by the @code{jordan} function. See
@code{jordan} for details of this format.

Example:
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$

(%i2) b1:matrix([0,0,1,1,1],
                [0,0,0,1,1],
                [0,0,0,0,1],
                [0,0,0,0,0],
                [0,0,0,0,0])$

(%i3) jordan(b1);
(%o3)                  [[0, 3, 2]]
(%i4) dispJordan(%);
                    [ 0  1  0  0  0 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  0  1  0  0 ]
                    [               ]
(%o4)               [ 0  0  0  0  0 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  0  0  0  1 ]
                    [               ]
                    [ 0  0  0  0  0 ]
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}. See also @code{jordan} and @code{minimalPoly}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


@deffn {Function} minimalPoly (@var{l})
Returns the minimal polynomial of the matrix whose Jordan form is
described by the list @var{l}. This list should be in the format given
by the @code{jordan} function. See @code{jordan} for details of this
format.

Example:
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$

(%i2) a:matrix([2,1,2,0],
               [-2,2,1,2],
               [-2,-1,-1,1],
               [3,1,2,-1])$

(%i3) jordan(a);
(%o3)               [[- 1, 1], [1, 3]]
(%i4) minimalPoly(%);
                            3
(%o4)                (x - 1)  (x + 1)
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}. See also @code{jordan} and @code{dispJordan}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn

@deffn {Function} ModeMatrix (@var{A}, [@var{jordan_info}])
Returns an invertible matrix @var{M} such that @math{(M^^-1).A.M} is
the Jordan form of @var{A}.

To calculate this, Maxima must find the Jordan form of @var{A}, which
might be quite computationally expensive. If that has already been
calculated by a previous call to @code{jordan}, pass it as a second
argument, @var{jordan_info}. See @code{jordan} for details of the
required format.

Example:
@c ===beg===
@c load("diag")$
@c A: matrix([2,1,2,0], [-2,2,1,2], [-2,-1,-1,1], [3,1,2,-1])$
@c M: ModeMatrix (A);
@c is ((M^^-1) . A . M = dispJordan (jordan (A)));
@c ===end===
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$
(%i2) A: matrix([2,1,2,0], [-2,2,1,2], [-2,-1,-1,1], [3,1,2,-1])$
(%i3) M: ModeMatrix (A);
                      [  1    - 1   1   1 ]
                      [                   ]
                      [   1               ]
                      [ - -   - 1   0   0 ]
                      [   9               ]
                      [                   ]
(%o3)                 [   13              ]
                      [ - --   1   - 1  0 ]
                      [   9               ]
                      [                   ]
                      [  17               ]
                      [  --   - 1   1   1 ]
                      [  9                ]
@group
(%i4) is ((M^^-1) . A . M = dispJordan (jordan (A)));
(%o4)                         true
@end group
@end example

Note that, in this example, the Jordan form of @code{A} is computed
twice. To avoid this, we could have stored the output of
@code{jordan(A)} in a variable and passed that to both
@code{ModeMatrix} and @code{dispJordan}.

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}. See also
@code{jordan} and @code{dispJordan}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


@deffn {Function} mat_function (@var{f},@var{A})
Returns @math{f(A)}, where @var{f} is an analytic function and @var{A}
a matrix. This computation is based on the Taylor expansion of
@var{f}. It is not efficient for numerical evaluation, but can give
symbolic answers for small matrices.

@c What other methods do we have in Maxima at the moment? We should
@c probably give links here...

Example 1:

The exponential of a matrix. We only give the first row of the answer,
since the output is rather large.
@c ===beg===
@c load("diag")$
@c A: matrix ([0,1,0], [0,0,1], [-1,-3,-3])$
@c ratsimp (mat_function (exp, t*A)[1]);
@c ===end===
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$
(%i2) A: matrix ([0,1,0], [0,0,1], [-1,-3,-3])$
@group
(%i3) ratsimp (mat_function (exp, t*A)[1]);
           2              - t                   2   - t
         (t  + 2 t + 2) %e       2        - t  t  %e
(%o3)   [--------------------, (t  + t) %e   , --------]
                  2                               2
@end group
@end example

Example 2:

Comparison with the Taylor series for the exponential and also
comparing @code{exp(%i*A)} with sine and cosine.
@c ===beg===
@c load("diag")$
@c A: matrix ([0,1,1,1],
@c                  [0,0,0,1],
@c                  [0,0,0,1],
@c                  [0,0,0,0])$
@c ratsimp (mat_function (exp, t*A));
@c minimalPoly (jordan (A));
@c ratsimp (ident(4) + t*A + 1/2*(t^2)*A^^2);
@c ratsimp (mat_function (exp, %i*t*A));
@c ratsimp (mat_function (cos, t*A) + %i*mat_function (sin, t*A));
@c ===end===
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$
@group
(%i2) A: matrix ([0,1,1,1],
                 [0,0,0,1],
                 [0,0,0,1],
                 [0,0,0,0])$
@end group
@group
(%i3) ratsimp (mat_function (exp, t*A));
                       [           2     ]
                       [ 1  t  t  t  + t ]
                       [                 ]
(%o3)                  [ 0  1  0    t    ]
                       [                 ]
                       [ 0  0  1    t    ]
                       [                 ]
                       [ 0  0  0    1    ]
@end group
@group
(%i4) minimalPoly (jordan (A));
                                3
(%o4)                          x
@end group
@group
(%i5) ratsimp (ident(4) + t*A + 1/2*(t^2)*A^^2);
                       [           2     ]
                       [ 1  t  t  t  + t ]
                       [                 ]
(%o5)                  [ 0  1  0    t    ]
                       [                 ]
                       [ 0  0  1    t    ]
                       [                 ]
                       [ 0  0  0    1    ]
@end group
@group
(%i6) ratsimp (mat_function (exp, %i*t*A));
                  [                        2 ]
                  [ 1  %i t  %i t  %i t - t  ]
                  [                          ]
(%o6)             [ 0   1     0      %i t    ]
                  [                          ]
                  [ 0   0     1      %i t    ]
                  [                          ]
                  [ 0   0     0        1     ]
@end group
@group
(%i7) ratsimp (mat_function (cos, t*A) + %i*mat_function (sin, t*A));
                  [                        2 ]
                  [ 1  %i t  %i t  %i t - t  ]
                  [                          ]
(%o7)             [ 0   1     0      %i t    ]
                  [                          ]
                  [ 0   0     1      %i t    ]
                  [                          ]
                  [ 0   0     0        1     ]
@end group
@end example

Example 3:

Power operations.
@c ===beg===
@c load("diag")$
@c A: matrix([1,2,0], [0,1,0], [1,0,1])$
@c integer_pow(x) := block ([k], declare (k, integer), x^k)$
@c mat_function (integer_pow, A);
@c A^^20;
@c ===end===
@example
(%i1) load("diag")$
(%i2) A: matrix([1,2,0], [0,1,0], [1,0,1])$
(%i3) integer_pow(x) := block ([k], declare (k, integer), x^k)$
@group
(%i4) mat_function (integer_pow, A);
                       [ 1     2 k     0 ]
                       [                 ]
(%o4)                  [ 0      1      0 ]
                       [                 ]
                       [ k  (k - 1) k  1 ]
@end group
@group
(%i5) A^^20;
                         [ 1   40   0 ]
                         [            ]
(%o5)                    [ 0    1   0 ]
                         [            ]
                         [ 20  380  1 ]
@end group
@end example

To use this function write first @code{load("diag")}.

@opencatbox
@category{Package diag}
@closecatbox

@end deffn


