# Manipulating Object and Value Types

## inject-code

> The `inject-code` node inserts the given code into the generated code for the given type or function, and it is a child of the object-type, value-type, modify-function and add-function nodes. It may contain insert-template child nodes.

>     <inject-code class="native | target"
>                  position="beginning | end" since="..."
>                  file="[file]"
>                  snippet="[label]"/>

> The `class` attribute specifies which module of the generated code that will be affected by the code injection (see Code Generation Terminology). The `class` attribute accepts the following values:

> > - `native`: The c++ code

> > - `target`: The binding code

> If the `position` attribute is set to beginning (the default), the code is inserted at the beginning of the function. If it is set to end, the code is inserted at the end of the function.

> For a detailed description of how to above attributes interact, see Code Injection Semantics.

> The optional `file` attribute specifies the file name (see Using Snippets From External Files).

> The optional `snippet` attribute specifies the snippet label (see Using Snippets From External Files).

> There are severals ways to specify the code:

### Embedding Code into XML

> The code can be embedded into XML (be careful to use the correct XML entities for characters like ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘&’):

>     <value-type>
>         <inject-code class="native | target"
>             position="beginning | end" since="...">
>             // the code
>         </inject-code>
>     </value-type>

### Using a Template Specified in XML

> It is possible to create code templates for reuse in XML (see Using Code Templates). This allows for replacing of custom placeholders.

>     <value-type>
>         <inject-code class="native | target" class="native | target">
>             <insert-template name="template_name"/>
>         </inject-code>
>     </value-type>

### Using Snippets From External Files

> Code snippets can also be retrieved from external files found in the typesystem search path (see typesystem-paths).

>     <value-type>
>         <inject-code class="native | target"
>             position="beginning | end" since="..."
>             file="external_source.cpp"
>             snippet="label"/>
>     </value-type>

> In the external file `external_source.cpp`, the code between annotations of the form:

>     // @snippet label
>     ...
>     // @snippet label

> will be extracted.

## modify-field

> The `modify-field` node allows you to alter the access privileges for a given C++ field when mapping it onto the target language, and it is a child of an object-type or a value-type node.

>     <object-type>
>         <modify-field name="..."
>             write="true | false"
>             read="true | false"
>             remove="true | false"
>             snake-case="yes | no | both" />
>     </object-type>

> The `name` attribute is the name of the field, the optional `write` and `read` attributes specify the field’s access privileges in the target language API (both are set to true by default).

> The `remove` attribute is an optional boolean attribute, which can mark the field to be discarded on generation.

> The optional `rename` attribute can be used to change the name of the given field in the generated target language API.

> The optional snake-case attribute allows for overriding the value specified on the class entry or typesystem element.

## modify-function

> The `modify-function` node allows you to modify a given C++ function when mapping it onto the target language, and it is a child of a namespace-type, object-type or a value-type node. Use the modify-argument node to specify which argument the modification affects.

>     <object-type>
>         <modify-function signature="..."
>                          since="..."
>                          remove="true | false"
>                          access="public | private | protected"
>                          allow-thread="true | auto | false"
>                          exception-handling="off | auto-off | auto-on | on"
>                          overload-number="number"
>                          rename="..."
>                          snake-case="yes | no | both" />
>     </object-type>

> The `signature` attribute is a normalized C++ signature, excluding return values but including potential const declarations.

> The `since` attribute specify the API version when this function was modified.

> The `allow-thread` attribute specifies whether a function should be wrapped into `Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS` and `Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS`, that is, temporarily release the GIL (global interpreter lock). Doing so is required for any thread-related function (wait operations), functions that might call a virtual function (potentially reimplemented in Python), and recommended for lengthy I/O operations or similar. It has performance costs, though. The value `auto` means that it will be turned off for functions for which it is deemed to be safe, for example, simple getters. The attribute defaults to `false`.

> The `exception-handling` attribute specifies whether to generate exception handling code (nest the function call into try / catch statements). It accepts the following values:

> > - no, false: Do not generate exception handling code

> > - auto-off: Generate exception handling code for functions declaring a non-empty `throw` list

> > - auto-on: Generate exception handling code unless function declares `noexcept`

> > - yes, true: Always generate exception handling code

> The optional `overload-number` attribute specifies the position of the overload when checking arguments. Typically, when a number of overloads exists, as for in example in Qt:

>     void QPainter::drawLine(QPointF, QPointF);
>     void QPainter::drawLine(QPoint, QPoint);

> they will be reordered such that the check for matching arguments for the one taking a `QPoint` is done first. This is to avoid a potentially costly implicit conversion from `QPoint` to `QPointF` when using the 2nd overload. There are cases though in which this is not desired; most prominently when a class inherits from a container and overloads exist for both types as is the case for the `QPolygon` class:

>     class QPolygon : public QList<QPoint> {};

>     void QPainter::drawPolygon(QPolygon);
>     void QPainter::drawPolygon(QList<QPoint>);

> By default, the overload taking a `QList` will be checked first, trying to avoid constructing a `QPolygon` from `QList`. The type check for a list of points will succeed for a parameter of type `QPolygon`, too, since it inherits `QList`. This presents a problem since the sequence type check is costly due to it checking that each container element is a `QPoint`. It is thus preferable to check for the `QPolygon` overload first. This is achieved by specifying numbers as follows:

>     <object-type name="QPainter">
>         <modify-function signature="drawPolygon(QPolygon)" overload-number="0"/>
>         <modify-function signature="drawPolygon(QList&lt;QPoint&gt;)" overload-number="1"/>
>     </object-type>

> Numbers should be given for all overloads; otherwise, the order will be in declaration order.

> The `remove` attribute is an optional boolean attribute, which can mark the function to be discarded on generation.

> The optional `rename` attribute can be used to change the name of the given function in the generated target language API.

> The optional `access` attribute changes the access privileges of the given function in the generated target language API.

> The optional snake-case attribute allows for overriding the value specified on the class entry or typesystem element.

## add-function

> The `add-function` node allows you to add a given function onto the target language, and it is a child of an object-type or value-type nodes if the function is supposed to be a method, or namespace-type and typesystem if the function is supposed to be a function inside a namespace or a global function.

> Typically when adding a function some code must be injected to provide the function logic. This can be done using the inject-code node.

>     <object-type>
>         <add-function signature="..." return-type="..." access="public | protected" static="yes | no" since="..."/>
>     </object-type>

> The `return-type` attribute defaults to void, the `access` to public and the `static` one to no.

> The `since` attribute specify the API version when this function was added.

> Within the signature, names for the function parameters can be specified by enclosing them within the delimiter @:

>     void foo(int @parameter1@,float)

> See Sequence Protocol for adding the respective functions.

## declare-function

> The `declare-function` node allows you to declare a function present in the type and it is a child of an object-type or value-type nodes if the function is supposed to be a method, or namespace-type and typesystem if the function is supposed to be a function inside a namespace or a global function.

>     <container-type>
>         <declare-function signature="..." return-type="..." since="..."/>
>     </container-type>

> The `return-type` attribute defaults to void.

> The `since` attribute specifies the API version when this function was added.

> This is useful to make functions known to shiboken which its code parser does not detect. For example, in Qt 6, the `append()` function of the `QList<T>` container takes an argument of `parameter_type` which is specialized to `T` for simple types and `const T &` for complex types by some template expression which the code parser cannot resolve. In that case, the function can be declared with a simple signature:

>     <container-type name="QList">
>         <declare-function signature="append(T)"/>
>     </container-type>

> This tells shiboken a public function of that signature exists and bindings will be created in specializations of `QList`.

## property

> The `property` element allows you to specify properties consisting of a type and getter and setter functions.

> It may appear as a child of a complex type such as object-type or value-type.

> If the PySide6 extension is not present, code will be generated using the `PyGetSetDef` struct, similar to what is generated for fields.

> If the PySide6 extension is present, those properties complement the properties obtained from the `Q_PROPERTY` macro in Qt-based code. The properties will be handled in `libpyside` unless code generation is forced.

>     <property name="..." type="..." get="..." set="..." " generate-getsetdef="yes | no" since="..."/>

> The `name` attribute specifies the name of the property, the `type` attribute specifies the C++ type and the `get` attribute specifies the name of the accessor function.

> The optional `set` attribute specifies name of the setter function.

> The optional `generate-getsetdef` attribute specifies whether to generate code for if the PySide6 extension is present (indicating this property is not handled by libpyside). It defaults to no.

> The optional `since` attribute specifies the API version when this property appears.

> For a typical C++ class, like:

>     class Test {
>     public:
>         int getValue() const;
>         void setValue();
>     };

> `value` can then be specified to be a property:

>     <value-type name="Test">
>         <property name="value" type="int" get="getValue" set="setValue"/>

> With that, a more pythonic style can be used:

>     test = Test()
>     test.value = 42

> For Qt classes (with the PySide6 extension present), additional setters and getters that do not appear as `Q_PROPERTY`, can be specified to be properties:

>     <object-type name="QMainWindow">
>         <property name="centralWidget" type="QWidget *" get="centralWidget" set="setCentralWidget"/>

> in addition to the normal properties of `QMainWindow` defined for Qt Designer usage.

> Note

> In the Qt coding style, the property name typically conflicts with the getter name. It is recommended to exclude the getter from the wrapper generation using the `remove` function modification.